... by the USA, particularly by the administration of President George W Bush, which expressed opposition to any normative attempt in international law that would tie US hands in the area of space security. More specifically, the USA and many European...
... Now what? These GLXP arrangements worked but they were informal. Formal international regulation, including monitors, will be needed. International law is currently silent on the issue and needs to be engaged to provide a reliable set of protections...
... is worth noting that the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy is a set of internationally agreed guidelines and not a legal instrument binding under international law, but the above-mentioned observation by COPUOS in 2017 is important as an indication...
..., norms around space security are considered lax: this also applies to those around cybersecurity. The Manual on International Law Applicable to Military Uses of Outer Space (MILAMOS) was launched in 2016 through a civil society initiative, aiming...
...are: 1. Peaceful uses: cooperative activities are exclusively for peaceful purposes and in accordance with international law. 2. Transparency: commit to broad dissemination of information regarding their national policies and exploration plans. Agree...
...-term reaction phase is a different matter. A great deal of scientific and technical problems need to be solved. Questions of international law There are numerous important legal issues that need to be overcome in the creation and operation of the...