... internet revolution, the ‘free & open” data policy has been the ultimate accelerator in guaranteeing the maximum exploitation of ESA data. ESA also distributes satellite data from international partner agencies, so called Third Party Missions...
... Registration Convention of 1976 The Moon Treaty of 1979. The latter, with the objective of limiting unrestricted commercial exploitation after defining the Moon and its natural resources as “the common heritage of all mankind”, failed to be ratified...
...a century into the space age, commercial drivers are beginning to supplant military and geopolitical considerations in the exploitation of near-Earth space. How should we adapt our traditional institutions to benefit from and encourage this evolution...
..., in particular, must be treated with careful thought. In certain circumstances redundancy can lead to new avenues for exploitation and expose attack vectors. Resilience is not just technological, but also involves legal and regulatory challenges...
... space threats; (iii) space opportunities and the need for sustainable and peaceful use, exploration and exploitation of space for all humankind; (iv) safety, technical and operational gaps to be filled; and (v) appropriate space governance standards...
...highly escalatory, and should be presumptively disfavoured kinetic attacks that cause lasting damage to humanity’s ability to exploit space abilities are prohibited satellites and space assets not directly and substantially involved in a conflict are...